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7 de febr. 2021

Prof. Pérez Royo foresees the independence trial will be quashed (16 JAN 2021)

Spanish Jurist Javier Pérez Royo is certain the Spanish court convictions of the twelve Catalan politicians will be overruled. I have asked the author for permission to publish this English translation of a recent article.
 
Why the judgment of the [Catalan independence] process will be declared null and void
 
  • The Supreme Court prioritized the exception to the norm in its interpretation, in spite of the fact that all the acts of the defendants for which they had been accused of the crime of rebellion had taken place in Catalonia

Javier Pérez Royo

January 16, 2021 10:18 p.m.

I have always held that the judgment of the Supreme Court against former members of the [Catalan] Government and former members of the Parliament Bureau would end up being declared null and void for the violation of fundamental rights. As each day passes, I am ever more convinced that this will happen.

In good legal logic, it should be the Constitutional Court that makes such a decision on the judgment on the appeal for protection (amparo) that has been filed against the Supreme Court judgment. If it does not, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) will end up doing so, because the fundamental rights of the Spanish Constitution are also recognized in the European Convention on Human Rights.

Putting all my cards on the table, I want to make it clear that, in my opinion, the events that took place in Catalonia in the months of September and October 2017 should never have ended up in court, for there should have been a response of a political nature to them. The integration of Catalonia into the State, like that of any other nationality or region, can only be resolved politically through the participation of democratically legitimized bodies in a direct way. This is how the process is designed in the Spanish Constitution without it contemplating the intervention of the Constitutional Court or, of course, of any judicial body. Without STC 31/2010* we would not be where we are.

But, once article 155 of the Constitution was applied and the political answer was discarded and the judicial answer chosen, what should have been applied was what is foreseen in the Spanish legal system; this, as we are about to see, is as clear as daylight.

The State Attorney General, José Manuel Maza, began the actions as soon as the Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy had dismissed the members of the [Catalan] Government and dissolved the [Catalan] Parlament. From that moment on, both the former president and the ex-ministers became just Spanish citizens, and only that. They no longer had the jurisdictional condition they had had, which obliged them to be held accountable for their actions before the High Court of Justice of Catalonia (TSJC). The former President of the Parlament, insofar as she continued to be a member of the Permanent Deputation, maintained her jurisdictional status and, therefore, only the TSJC could rule on her conduct.

From the moment they ceased to be president and regional ministers, "the ordinary judge predetermined by law" to rule on their conduct was the Barcelona Provincial Court. They should all have been reported to it. From the holding of the election on December 20, the Barcelona Provincial Court should have declined jurisdiction in favour of the TSJC, since several of them were elected deputies in this elections and had regained a jurisdictional status.

Of course, the conduct of the presidents of the Catalan National Assembly (ANC) and Òmnium Cultural, as simple citizens, should also have been initially reported to the Barcelona Provincial Court.  The TSJC should have investigated the case and issued a judgment in due course, which could be have been appealed before the Supreme Court.

Constitutionally this is the order that should have been followed. It is the only way to respect the right of the defendants to the ordinary judge predetermined by law, to an impartial judge and to the double instance.

None of this was done. The Prosecutor General's Office filed the conduct of the former members of the Government before the National Court and that of the former Speaker of the Parliament before the Supreme Court.  The National Court was to end up  declining its jurisdiction, in favour of the Supreme Court, which became the judge of first and only instance as regards all the defendants.

In order to justify its competence, the Supreme Court interpreted in reverse the article 70 of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, which establishes as a rule in para 1 that the TSJC is the body before which the members of the Government and of the Parlament may be held criminally liable, adding in paragraph 2 as an exception, that for acts committed outside Catalonia responsibility will be accountable before the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court prioritised the exception to the rule in its interpretation, despite the fact that all the acts of the defendants for whom they had been accused of the crime of rebellion had taken place in Catalonia.

With this it not only contradicted the provisions of the Statute of Autonomy, but also, and this is the decisive thing, made an interpretation of it not "in accordance with the Constitution", as required; instead, it made an interpretation "contrary to the Constitution", insofar as it deprived all defendants of the fundamental rights I have already mentioned. The "most favourable" interpretation to the exercise of fundamental rights was not made, but instead the "most harmful" one to such exercise.

This is what the Belgian judiciary has just decided, as I take it for granted the reader already knows.

Will the European Parliament also decide to do so when it makes its decision on the petition addressed to it by the Supreme Court to authorize it to proceed against Puigdemont, Comín and Ponsatí? There is no doubt that the three Catalan MEPs will inform their European colleagues of the decision of the Belgian judiciary and will request that no authorization be granted for them to proceed against them on the grounds that the Supreme Court is not the competent judge to rule on their conduct and is accordingloy not competent to request authorization to proceed against them.

We shall see what the European Parliament decides. Parliament may consider that it is not a court of law and that it does not have to enter into whether or not the Supreme Court is the competent body to request the petition. This might happen. Or not. We shall see. But, in any case, the [European] Parliament's decision is subject to appeal before the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the latter is a body of a judicial nature, which cannot fail to give an answer to the allegation of lack of jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

It is very possible that both the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) - unless the Constitutional Court grants protection - and the CJEU will have to rule on the violation of the fundamental rights of those who were convicted by the Supreme Court and those who have not been able to to be convicted, because the Supreme Court has not succeeded in getting either the German judiciary first or the Belgian judiciary to comply with the arrest and extradition orders issued against them. The ECHR will do so against the violation of the rights of those who have been convicted. The CJEU will rule on the violation of the rights of those who have not been convicted.

Justice takes the time it takes. A lot of pain that has been caused. There has been a lot of disruption in the functioning of the institutions. But, in the end, I am convinced that the Spanish courts will be disauthorized. 


* STC 31/2010 is the Spanish Constitutional Court ruling that decided (following a number of unprecedented leaks from the Court) that significant parts of the 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia were unconstitutional, despite its having followed strictly all the legal steps for it to be adopted: 89% of the Catalan Parliament agredd to put the proposed reform to the Spanish Congress, the Spanish Congress considerably rewrote and reduced its content, the Spanish Senate blessed the text, the Catalan electorate ratified it in the referendum laid down in the Constitutution. For many Catalans, the fact that a single comma of the (watered down) Statute was touched was the breaking point: the Constitution was no longer valid in Catalonia. Since then Catalonuia has lived in a legal limbo: the text of the remaining Statute has not been ratified in the referendum laid down in the Constitutution.

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Por qué va a ser declarada nula de pleno derecho la sentencia del procés

He venido sosteniendo desde siempre que la sentencia del Tribunal Supremo (TS) contra los ex miembros del Govern y los ex miembros de la Mesa del Parlament acabaría siendo declarada nula de pleno derecho por vulneración de derechos fundamentales. Cada día que pasa, más convencido estoy de que será así.

 
Para poner todas las cartas encima de la mesa, quiero dejar claro que, en mi opinión, los acontecimientos que tuvieron lugar en Catalunya en los meses de septiembre y octubre de 2017 nunca debieron acabar en los tribunales, sino que debió darse una respuesta de naturaleza política a los mismos. La integración de Catalunya en el Estado, como la de cualquier otra nacionalidad o región únicamente puede ser resuelta políticamente mediante la participación de órganos legitimados democráticamente de manera directa. Así es como está diseñado el proceso en la Constitución Española sin que se contemple la intervención del Tribunal Constitucional y, por supuesto, de ningún órgano judicial. Sin la STC 31/2010 no estaríamos donde estamos.

Pero, una vez, que, tras la aplicación del artículo 155 de la Constitución, se descartó la respuesta política y se optó por la respuesta judicial, se tenía que haber aplicado lo previsto en el ordenamiento jurídico español, que, como vamos a ver a continuación, es de una claridad meridiana.

Desde el momento en que dejaron de ser presidente y consellers, "el juez ordinario predeterminado por la ley" para entender de sus conductas era la Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona. A ella hubieran tenido que ser dirigidas las querellas contra todos ellos. A partir de la celebración de las elecciones el 20 de diciembre, la Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona tendría que haber declinado la competencia a favor del TSJC, dado que varios de ellos fueron elegidos diputados en tales elecciones y habían recuperado el fuero jurisdiccional.

Por supuesto, la conducta de los presidentes de la Asamblea Nacional de Catalunya (ANC) y de Òmnium Cultural, en cuanto ciudadanos sin más, también tenía que haber sido residenciada inicialmente ante la Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona.  El TSJC debería haber instruido la causa y haber dictado en su momento sentencia, contra la cual se podría acudir en casación al TS.

Nada de esto se hizo. La Fiscalía General del Estado residenció la conducta de los ex miembros del Govern ante la Audiencia Nacional (AN) y la de la ex presidenta del Parlament ante el TS. La AN acabaría declinando la competencia a favor del TS, que se convirtió en juez de primera y única instancia respecto de todos los querellados.

Para justificar su competencia, el TS  interpretó de manera invertida el artículo 70 del Estatuto de Autonomía de Catalunya, que establece como norma en su apartado 1 que el TSJC es el órgano ante el que se podrá exigir la responsabilidad penal a los miembros del Govern y del Parlament, añadiendo en el apartado 2 como excepción, que para los actos cometidos fuera de Catalunya la responsabilidad se exigirá ante el TS.

Con ello no solamente contradecía lo dispuesto en el Estatuto de Autonomía, sino que, además, y esto es lo decisivo, hacía una interpretación del mismo no "de conformidad con la Constitución", como es obligado, sino que hizo una interpretación "contraria a la Constitución", en la medida en que se privaba con ella a todos los querellados de los derechos fundamentales ya mencionados. No se hizo la interpretación "más favorable" al ejercicio de los derechos fundamentales, sino la "más lesiva" para tal ejercicio.

Esto es lo que acaba de decidir la justicia belga, como doy por supuesto que el lector ya sabe. 

Ya veremos qué decide el Parlamento Europeo. El Parlamento puede considerar que no es un órgano jurisdiccional y que no tiene por qué entrar en si el TS es el órgano competente para solicitar el suplicatorio o no lo es. Esto puede pasar. O no. Ya lo veremos. Pero, en todo caso,  la decisión del Parlamento es recurrible ante el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE) y este si es un órgano de naturaleza jurisdiccional, que no podrá dejar de dar una respuesta a la alegación de falta de competencia del TS. 

Es muy posible que tanto el TEDH, si el Tribunal Constitucional no otorga el amparo, como el TJUE,  tengan que pronunciarse sobre la vulneración de los derechos fundamentales de los que fueron condenados por el TS y de los que no han podido serlo, porque el TS no ha conseguido que ni la justicia alemana primero ni la belga después hayan atendido las órdenes de detención y entrega dictadas contra ellos. El TEDH lo hará contra la vulneración de derechos de los que han sido condenados. El TJUE, contra la vulneración de derechos de los que no han sido condenados.

El tiempo de la justicia es el que es. Es mucho el dolor que se ha ocasionado. Es mucha la perturbación que se ha producido en el funcionamiento de las instituciones. Pero, al final, estoy convencido de que la justicia española quedará desautorizada. 


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